Medical Degree Program in China - Nephrology
1. Introduction
Nephrology studies kidney. The kidney is an important organ of the human body, its basic function is to produce urine to eliminate metabolites in vivo and some of the waste and poison, also retains water and other useful substances through reabsorption function, such as glucose, protein, amino acid, sodium ion, potassium ion, sodium bicarbonate and so on, to regulate the balance of water and electrolyte and maintain acid-base balance. The kidney also has endocrine function, the producing renin, erythropoietin, active vitamin D3, prostaglandin and kinin and so on, but also the degradation site for the body endocrine hormone and target organ of renal hormone. These functions of the kidney ensure the stability of the body internal environment, so that the metabolism can be carried out normally.
2. Structure
Each kidney is composed of over 1 million rental units. The rental unit is the basic unit of the structure and function of the kidney. Each rental unit consists of three parts: renal glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubular, renal glomerular and renal capsule form renal corpuscle. The internal structure of the kidney can be divided into two parts, the renal parenchyma and the renal pelvis.
3. Function Test
(1). Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
(2). Creatinine (CR)
(3). Uric Acid (Ua)
4. Function
(1). Excrete metabolites in vivo and harmful substances into the body
(2). Maintain water balance through the formation of urine
(3). Maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body
(4). Regulate blood pressure
(5). Promote the formation of red blood cells
(6). Promote the activation of vitamin D
5. Early Signs
Edema
Hypertension
Lumbago
Too much or too little urine
Abnormal urine test
Urinary tract infection
Weak
Diabetes
Do not want to eat
Anemia
There is a bubble in the urine
Gout, hyperuricemia
The urine protein and urine occult blood
6. Chronic Renal Failure
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a clinical syndrome caused by kidney damage resulting from a variety of reasons and deterioration, resulting in renal units severely damaged, so that the body is in disorder in the excretion of metabolic and regulation of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance.
7. Uremia
Renal Replacement Therapy
Conventional renal replacement therapy: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantation.
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the most commonly used renal replacement therapy, renal transplantation is the most complete renal replacement therapy.
Diseases Causing Uremia
(1). Chronic glomerulonephritis
(2). Renal tubular interstitial nephritis
(3). Hypertension
(4). Secondary to systemic disease
(5). Metabolic disease
(6). Chronic urinary tract obstruction
(7). Congenital disease
8. Common Diseases
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Chronic renal failure
Renal calculus
Renal cysts (polycystic kidney)
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypertensive nephropathy
Anaphylatic purpura nephritis
Lupus nephritis
Pediatric renal disease
